வரலாற்று நோக்கில் கழிவுநீர் கால்வாய்
முனைவர் ஜெ.ஆர்.சிவராமகிருஷ்ணன்
உதவிப்பேராசிரியர்
வரலாற்றுத்துறை
குந்தவை நாச்சியார் அரசு மகளிர் கலைக் கல்லூரி
தஞ்சாவூர்
cyf kf;fspd; md;whl Njitfspy; Kjd;ik nghUshf
tpsq;FtJ jz;zPuhFk;. mjdhy;jhd; gz;ilafhy kf;fs; ePu; tsk; kpf;f Mw;wq;fiuia
jq;fspd; tho;tplkhff; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. FbePu; Njit> fhy;eil guhkupg;G> tptrha
cw;gj;jp> kPd;gpbj;jy;> tzpfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J Nghd;w kf;fspd;
mj;jpahtrpaj; Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; ikakhf Mw;wq;fiufs; tpsq;;fpd. vdNt jhd;
mjid ehfupfj;jpd; njhl;by; vd;fpNwhk;. Mw;wq;fiuapy; tho;e;j goq;;fhy kf;fs;
,aw;ifahy; toq;fg;gl;l jz;zPiu rpf;fdkhfTk;> Njitf;F jFe;jhw;NghYk;
gad;gLj;jpdu;. mNjhL kl;Lkd;wp jq;fs; tho;thjhujpw;F fhuzkhd MW kw;Wk;
Mw;Wg;gFjpfs; ve;j tpjj;jpYk; jk;khy; khrile;J tplf;$lhJ vd;gjpYk; fUj;jhf
,Ue;jdu;. Mifahy; jhd; jq;fsJ FbapUg;Gf;fis Njitf;F Vw;g tpupthf;fk; nra;Ak;
nghOJ tPLfspy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fopTePuhy; Mw;Wr;rkntsp gho;;gl;L
tplf;$lhJ vd;gjpy; midtUk; xUkpj;j fUj;Jld; ,Ue;Js;sdu;. ,jw;fhf mtu;fshy;
cUthf;fg;gl;l njhopy; Jl;gNk fopTePu; tbfhy;fshFk;. ,j;jpl;lj;jpdhy; FbapUg;Gg;
gFjpapd; Gwr;#oiy J}a;ikAld; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhz;ldu;. ,J Neha;jLg;gpw;F tpj;jpl;lJ.
vdNtjhd; ,f;fl;Liu gz;ilafhy kf;fspd; fopTePu; tbfhy; njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gw;wp
Ma;tij Nehf;fg; nghUshff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; fopTePu; Nkyhz;ik jpl;lk;
Rkhu; 4500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G rpwg;Gw;wpUe;j
rpe;J ejpf;fiu ehfupf efuq;fshd `ug;gh> nkhfQ;rjhNuh Mfpait ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; nghypAW
efuq;fshFk;. fhuzk; xU efuikg;gpd; Kf;fpa msfPLfs; midj;Jk; ,e;efu
cUthf;fj;jpy; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sij mfoha;Tr; rhd;Wfs; czu;j;Jfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf
nkhfQ;rjhNuh efupy; tho;e;j kf;fs; jq;fshy; rpe;JejpNah> Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oNyh
ve;jtpjj;jpYk; gho;gLtij tpUk;gtpy;iy. mjdhy;jhd; tPLfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk;
fopTePiu RLkz; Foha;fs; %yk; nfhz;L nrd;W gpujhd jiuab fopTePu; fhy;thapy;
,izj;jpUe;jdu;. ,t;thW efupy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fopTePu; ghJfhg;ghf efUf;F
ntspNa mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j ngupa fopTePu; tbfhy; gFjpapy; nfhz;Lr; Nru;j;jdu;. mt;thW
Nru;f;fg;gl;l fopTePu;; G+kpf;Fs; Neubahf cwpQ;ritj;jy;> #upa rf;jpahy;
Mtpahf;Fjy;> Rw;wp tsu;f;fg;gl;l kuk; kw;Wk; nrbfshy; cl;fpufpf;f itj;jy; Nghd;w
njhopy; El;gf; $Wfshy; fopTePu; Xuplj;jpy; epiyngWtij jtpu;j;jpUe;jdu;. NkYk; efupd; Gwg;gFjpfspy; tho;e;j kf;fs; jq;fs; tPl;bd;
mUfpNyNa tl;l tbtpyhd fopTePu; tbfl;Lk; epue;ju njhl;bfis (SOAKPIT) mikj;jpUe;jdu;. ,j;njhl;bapd; mbapy; Mw;WkzYk;> mjd; Nkw;gFjp cile;j
nrq;fw;Jz;LfshYk;; epug;gg;gl;lJ. gpwF kPzLk; Mw;W kzyhy; epug;gg;gl;L mjd;
Nkw;gFjp rpwpa Kf;Nfhz tbtpyhd nrq;fw;fshy; ghtg;gl;bUe;jJ. tPl;by; ,Ue;J
ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fopTePu; Neubahf Kf;Nfhztbtpyhd nrq;fw;fy; kPJ tplg;gl;lJ. fopTePu;
rt;TLguty; njhopy;El;gj;jpdhy; tbfl;lg;gl;L G+kpf;Fs; nrd;wJ. ,jdhy; epyj;jb
ePu; khriltJ epue;jukhff; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j fopTePu; tbfl;Lk; njhopy;El;gNk
cyfpy; kpfr; rpwe;j njhopy;El;gkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
nkhfQ;rjhNuh efupy; fopePu;fhy;tha;fs;
,y;yhj njUf;fNs ,y;iy. fopTePu; fhy;tha;f;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nrq;fw;fs; ed;F
Rlg;gl;L Nkw;gFjp tOtOg;ghf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,f;fhy;tha;fs; rpy 50 nr.kP MoKk;>
22 nr.kP mfyKk; nfhz;lit. tPl;bypUe;J tUk; fopTePu; njUtpy; cs;s epytiu
fhy;tha;Ald; NrUk; ,lj;jpy; 22 nr.kP mfyKk; 45 nr.kP MoKk; nfhz;l rJutbt
njhl;bapy; 90 nr.kP cauk; nfhz;l kpfg;ngupa kz;ghid Gijf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,g;ghidapd;
mbapy; rpwpa Jisfs; ,lg;gl;bUe;jd. tPl;L tbfhy;fs; topNa ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fopTePUld;
Fg;igfs; tUtJ ,ay;ghFk;. ghidapd; mbapy; cs;s Jisfshy; Fg;igfs; tbfl;lg;gl;L fopTePu;
kl;Lk; gpujhd epytiu fhy;thiar; nrd;wile;jJ. fopTePUld; ghidapy; NrUk; Fg;igfis
efu epu;thfk; mt;tg;NghJ J}a;ikg;gLj;jpaJ. ,jdhy; gpujhd fhy;thapd; topahf
nry;Yk; fopTePu; Fg;igfshy; Vw;gLk; jilfspd;wp ntFtpiuthf ntspNaw;wg;gl;lJ.
,e;j njhopy;El;gk; cyfpd; NtW ve;j ehfupfg; gFjpfspYk; ,Jtiu fz;lwpag;gltpy;iy
vd njhy;ypay; mwpQu; ru; [hd; khu;\y; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fopTePu; fhy;tha;;fs;
rpe;Jrkntsp kf;fisg; Nghd;W gz;ilafhy
jkpou;fSk; ,j;njhopy; El;gj;jpy; rw;Wk; risj;jtu;fs; my;y. Fwpg;ghf rq;f
,yf;fpaj;jpy; G+kpf;fbapy; mikf;fg;gl;l ed;dPu; kw;Wk; fopT ePupid ntspNaw;Wk; fhy;tha;fs;
gw;wpa rhd;Wfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Rkhu; 2000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G kJiu efupy;
g+kpf;fbapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j fopTePu; Foha;fisg; gw;wp “neLkhy; RUq;if eLtopg; Nghe;J”...
vd gupghly; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,jd; %yk; ePz;l Ruq;fk; Nghd;W g+kpf;fbapy;
gjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j Foha;fspd; topNa fopTePu; nfhz;Lr; nry;yg;gl;lij mwpaKbfpwJ.
,j;njhopy; El;gk; jw;fhy ghjs fopTePu; fhy;tha;f;F xg;ghdjhFk;. NkYk; kJiu
efiur; Rw;wp mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j mfopapy; jz;zPu; tUtjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l jiuab
ed;dPu; Foha;fisg; gw;wp “ngUq;if ahid ,depiu ngaUk; RUq;if” vd rpyg;gjpfhuk; Rl;LfpwJ. ,it efUf;Fs; tpOk; kio ePiu
ntspNaw;wTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. G+kpf;F mbapy; ePu; nfhz;L nry;Yk; RUq;iffs;
nrq;fw;fshy; kl;Lkd;wp tspik kpf;f fUq;fw;fshYk; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jij “fy; ,bj;J ,aw;wpa ,l;L tha;f; fplq;fpy;”; vd;W kJiuf; fhQ;rp $WfpwJ. fhQ;rp khefu; ,y;yq;fspd;
FspayiwfspypUe;J ntspNaWk; fopTePuhdJ fw;fshy; G+kpf;fbapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j fhy;tha;;fs;
%yk; ntspNaw;wg;gl;lij “RUq;ifj; J}k;gpd; kid tsu; Njhifau; fUq;Foy;
foP,a fyit ePUk;” vd kzpNkiy Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. NkYk; Vkhq;;fj
ehl;by; jz;zPu; nfhz;LtUtjw;fhf G+kpf;fbapy; kiwthf mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j ed;dPu;
fhy;tha; gw;wp “ePs; epyk; tFj;J ePu; epiwe;J te;J ,opjur;
nrz;epyj;J ,aw;wpa rpj;jpur;RUq;if” vd rPtf rpe;jhkzp $WfpwJ. ,t; ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs;
%yk; rq;fhy ngUefuq;fspy; ,Utifahd fhy;tha;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jij mwpa KbfpwJ. vdNtjhd;
,yf;fpaq;fs; Rl;Lk; ,f;fhy;tha;fs; gz;ilafhy kf;fspd; tho;tplg;gFjpfspy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; mfoha;tpy; ntspg;gl;LtUtJ ,yf;fpaj; juTfSf;F tYr;Nru;g;gjhf
cs;sJ.
mfoha;Tr; rhd;Wfs;
jkpofj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;Ls;s ngUk;ghyhd
mfoha;Tfspy; goq;fhy jkpou;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ehd;F tifahd fopTePu; tbfhy;fs;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. mit jpwe;jntsp (OPEN
CHANNEL)fopTePu;
fhy;tha;fs;> Nkw;gFjp %lg;gl;l (CLOSED
CHANNEL) fhy;tha;fs;> G+kpf;Fs;
mikf;fg;gl;l jiuabf; fhy;thafs; (UNDER
GROUND DRAINAGE SYSTEM)
RLkz; Foha;fshy; (TERRACOTTA PIPE LINE) cUthf;fg;gl;l fopTePu; fhy;tha;fs;;. ,jpy; fopTePu;fis
ntspNaw;w jkpou;fs; RLkz; Foha;fisNa ngUk;ghYk; gad;gLj;jp cs;sdu;. cjhuzkhf
1994-Mk; Mz;L jkpofj; njhy;ypay; Jiwapduhy; jpUf;NfhapY}upy; elj;jg;gl;l
mfoha;tpy; 1.70 kPl;lu; Mok; Njhz;lg;gl;lf; Fopapy; fUq;fw; Rtu; mUNf RLkz;
Foha;fspd; njhlu; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; 50 Foha;fs; gjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. nkhj;j
ePsk; 9.50 kPl;luhFk;> xt;nthU FohAk; 40 nr.kP ePsk; nfhz;lit. ,JNghd;W
GJr;Nrup mUNf cs;s mupf;fNkl;by; eilngw;w mfoha;tpy; fp.gp.1-2 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr;
rhu;e;j rhaj;njhl;b xd;W fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. mj;njhl;bapy; ,Ue;J fopTePiu
ntspnaw;w 30 nr.kP ePsk; nfhz;l RLkz; Foha;fs; gjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. NkYk;
,f;Foha;fs; topNa ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fopTePu; 38 nr.kP mfyk;> 45 nr.kP Mok;
nfhz;l gpujhd fhy;thapy; Nru;f;fg;gl;L ntspnaw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e;j gpujhd fhy;tha;
epykl;lj;jpw;F Vw;g rha; jstbtpy; ,Ue;jjhy; jilapd;wp fopTePu; ntspNawpd. NkYk;
jiuab fl;Lkhd fhy;tha;fshf ,Ue;jhYk;> RLkz; Foha;fs; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l
tbfhyhf ,Ue;jhYk; mt;tplj;jpd; epytpay; mikg;Gk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,f;fl;Lkhdq;fs; midj;JNk rha;js mikg;ig xj;Js;sjhy; fopTePu; jq;F jilapd;wp
ntspNaw;wg;gl;lJ Ma;tpw;Fwpa xd;whFk;. NkYk; rq;ffhy efuq;fshd ciwa+u;>
f&u; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; eilngw;w mfoha;tpYk; RLkz; Foha;fspd; njhlu;fs;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
rkPgj;jpy; rptfq;if khtl;lk; fPobapy; ,e;jpa
njhy;ypay; gug;gha;Tj; Jiwapduhy;
elj;jg;gl;l mfoha;tpy; tPLfspypUe;J fopT ePu;fis ntspNaw;w RLkz; Foha;fs;
gjpf;fg;gl;l njhlu; ntspf;nfhz;Ltug;gl;Ls;sJ.
NkYk; ,q;F ciwfpzWfspd; mUNf nrq;fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l jpwe;j epiy
fopTePu;fhy;tha; kw;Wk; Nkw;gFjp %lg;gl;l
fl;Lkhd fhy;tha;fSk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 60 nr.kP mfyk;> 90 nr.kP
MoKk; nfhz;l ,f;fhy;tha;fs; fl;llq;fis xl;bathW mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. ,jdhy; tPLfspypUe;J
ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fopTePu; fhy;tha; %yk; ntspNaWtJ vspikahf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,f;fhy;tha;fs;
midj;Jk; rha;js mikg;gpy; fl;lg;gl;bUe;jjhy; fopTePu; Njq;FtJ jtpu;f;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk;
fPobapy; tho;e;j jkpou;fs; rpe;Jrkntsp kf;fisg;Nghd;W fopT ePiu ghJfhg;ghf mg;Gwg;gLj;Jtjpy;
kpff; ftdkhf ,Ue;Js;sdu; vd;gijAk; czuKbfpwJ.
,ilf;fhy fopTePu; fhy;tha;fs;
flY}u; khtl;lk;> rpjk;guk; eluh[u;
Nfhapy; 51 Vf;fu; gug;gsit nfhz;lJ. ,f;Nfhapypd; cl;gFjpapy; tpOk; kioePiu Nrkpf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUJNfhy; mf;fhy fl;Lkhdj;jpy;
fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,J rkPgj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fle;j
2015 Mk; Mz;L rpjk;guk; eluh[u; Nfhapypd;
tlfpof;F gFjpapy; ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhodhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
jpUg;ghw;fly; vd;w Fsk; jkpo;ehL murhy; J}u;thug;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ Fsj;jpd; njw;F
gFjpapy; xU fhy;tha; ,izf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. ehd;F mb MoKk;> ,uz;L
mb mfyk; nfhz;l ,f;fhy;tha; Kw;wpYk; nrq;fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;L ePs; nrt;tf tbt fUq;fy;gyifahy; %lg;gl;L
,Ue;jJ. ,f;fhy;tha; Fsj;jpd; Nkw;Fg;gFjp
topahf tlf;F Nehf;fpr;nry;Yk; gpujhd fhy;thAld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Kw;wpYk; J}u;e;J Nghd ,f;fhy;tha;
KOtJk; J}a;ikg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mg;nghOJ
rpjk;guk; eluh[u; Nfhapypd; tlf;Fg; gFjpapy;
cs;s ahidf;fhy; kz;lgj;jpd; mUNf njhlq;Fk; ,f;fhy;tha; Rkhu; 1200
kPl;lu; tiu g+kpf;fbapy; tlf;F Nehf;fpr; nrd;W jpUg;ghw;fly; kw;Wk; jpy;iy fhspf;Nfhapy;
Kd;ghf cs;s rptg;gpupia Fsj;JlDk; ,izg;gl;bUe;jJ.
,f;fhy;thapd; ikag;gFjp 65 nr.kP mfyKk;>
77 nr.kP MoKk; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,jw;F
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nrq;fw;fs; 24 x 15 x 5 nr.kP msTs;sit. ,e;j epytiu fhy;tha; topahf rpjk;guk;
eluh[u; Nfhapypy; tpOk; nkhj;j kio ePupidAk; Nrjhukpd;wp ,U Fsq;fspYk;
Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; Nfhapy; tshfj;jpy; kio ePu; Njq;FtJ epue;jukhfj; jLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j epytiu
fhy;tha; g+tp kl;lj;jpypUe;J 30 nr.kP
mstpy; njhlq;fp rptg;gpupia
Fsj;jpy; KbAk; nghOJ 200 nr.kP Moj;jpy; cs;sJ. mjhtJ Nfhapypy; ,Ue;J tlf;Nfr; nry;ynry;y rha;js
mikg;gpy; nry;fpwJ. ,jdhy; fhy;tha;
topahf nry;Yk; kioePu; Neuhf
Fsj;jpid miltJ vspjhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fl;Lkhd njhopy;El;gf; $Wfis Ma;T
nra;j Ma;thsu;;fs; ,f;fhy;thapd; fhyk;
fp.gp.11 – 12 Mk; E}w;whz;L vd Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
kioePu; Nrkpg;gpd; %yk;> epyj;jb ePu; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; ek;Kd;Ndhu;fs; fhl;ba mf;fiw msg;gupajhFk;.
fle;j 1987 Mk; Mz;L fq;ifnfhz;lNrhoGuk;
khspifNkL mUNf cs;s fy;Fsj;jpd; tlf;Fg;gFjpapy; mfoha;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
mg;NghJ tlf;F njw;fhf nry;Yk;
epytiufhy;tha; xd;W fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. 71 x 30 x 25 nr.kP msTs;s fUq;fy; gyifahy; %lg;gl;l (CLOSED
CHANNEL) ,f;fhy;tha; 54 nr.kP mfyKk;> 41 nr.kP MoKk;
nfhz;lJ. khspikNkL tshfj;jpy; cs;s fy;Fsj;jpw;F ,f;fhy;tha; topahf jz;zPu; nfhz;;L
nry;yg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; ,jd; topahfr; nry;Yk; jz;zPu; frpahky; ,Uf;f
fhy;thapd; cl;gFjpapy; nrk;ghwhq;fw;fSk;> fspkz;Zk; Fioj;Jf; fl;lg;gl;bUg;gJ
$Ljy; rpwg;ghFk;. ,Nj Nghd;W jpUtz;zhkiy
khtl;lk; giltPl;by; eilngw;w mfoha;tpy; nrq;fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l fopTePu;
fhy;tha; %lg;gl;Lk>; fUq;fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l ePz;l jpwe;jntsp fhy;tha;
xd;Wk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,it tp[aefu kw;Wk; rk;Gtuha muru;fspd; fhyj;jitahFk;.
KbTiu
Ik;gJ Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G tiu tPLfspy; ,Ue;J
ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fopTePiuf; nfhz;L Njhl;lq;fspy;
fha;fwp> fPiutiffs;> thio kuq;fs; tsu;f;f gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; fopTePu; %yk; guTk; Neha;fSf;F epue;jukhf Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;
,d;W efukakhf;fs; vd;fpwg; Nghu;itapy; thrYk;> Njhl;lKk;
,y;yh tPLfis mikj;Jf;nfhz;L tPl;by; ,Ue;J ntspNaWk;; fopTePiu mg;gbNa rhiy Xuk;
tpl;L tpLfpNwhk;. ,g;gb xt;nthUtUk; nra;tjhy; mofpa ed;dPuhf ,Ue;j gy Vup> Fsq;fs;> MWfs;
,d;W rhf;fil ePuhy; gho;gl;Ltpl;lJ. ,jdhy;
epyj;jb ePUk; nfl;LNghdJ. tpisT ,d;W njhw;W Neha;fspd; $lhuhkhf ek;
Njrk; khwpg;NghdJ. Rkhu; 1800 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G fhtpupg;g+k;gl;bdj;jpy; NrhwpLk;
md;dr; rhiyapypUe;J Nrhw;iw tbj;jyhy;
ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fopTePu; mg;gbNa njU tPjpapy; tplg;gl;lJ. mt;tplj;jpw;F tUk;
khLfs; xd;NwhL xd;W rz;ilapl;Lf;
nfhs;tjhy; mg;gFjp KOtJk; NrwhfpaJ. NkYk; mt;topahf XLk; Nju;fshy; kz;GOjp
Vw;gl;L Rtu;fspy; tiuag;gl;bapUe;j mofpa
Xtpaq;fspd; kPJ gbe;J mjd; moif nfLf;fpwNj vd Ntjidg;gLk; cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhupd;
rhly; Rw;wg;Gwr; #oiy khRgLj;Jk; midtUf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;.
Fwpg;GE}y; gl;bay;
1.
n[.=re;jpud;>
rpyg;gjpfhuk; %yKk; njspAiuAk;.
2.
n[.=re;jpud;>
kzpNkfiy %yKk; njspAiuAk;.
3.
m.khzpf;fdhu;> gj;Jg;ghl;L %yKk;
njspAiuAk;.
4.
m.khzpf;fdhu;> gupghly; %yKk; njspAiuAk;
5.
kiwkiy mbfs;> gl;bdg;ghiy Muha;r;rp ciu.
6.
fy;ntl;L> fhyhz;bjo; - 1993 jkpo;ehL muR
njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;Jiw.
7.
R.,uhrNtY> Nfh.jpU%u;j;jp>
jkpo;ehl;Lj; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs;.
8. INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY – A REVIEW (1957 -58,
1959-60)
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