தமிழரின் மட்பாண்ட மற்றும் இரும்பு ஊதுலை தொழில்நுட்பம்
முனைவர் ஜெ.ஆர்.சிவராமகிருஷ்ணன்
உதவிப்பேராசிரியர்
வரலாற்றுத்துறை
குந்தவை நாச்சியார் அரசு மகளிர் கலைக் கல்லூரி
தஞ்சாவூர்
Kd;Diu
,t;Tyfpy;
Njhd;wpa khDlj;jpd; msg;gupa ehfupf tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; gupzhkj;jpd; ntspg;ghNl
fiyfs;. mjdhy;jhd; fiyfspd; Njhw;Wtha;
kdpj gupzhkj;NjhL njhlu;GilaJ vd;W tuyhw;W mwpQu;fs; $Wfpd;wdu;. Fwpg;ghf
tlNtq;flk; njd;Fkup Mapilj; jkpo; $Wk; ey;Yyfpy; Njhd;wpa gz;ilaj; jkpopdk;
tsu;j;j mj;jid fiyfSNk mtu;fspd; tho;tpay; kw;Wk; mwptpay; tsu;r;rpNahL
njhlu;GilajhfNt mike;jpUe;jJ.
jkpou; tsu;j;j fiyfs;
,Ug;gij
cs;sgbNa nrhd;dhy; mJ nra;jp. mjid czu;T fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy;> moFzu;it ,d;g
czu;NthL fye;J fw;gid tz;zk; jPl;b mij kdpj tho;tpaNyhL ,izar; nra;Ak; nghONj
mJ fiyahfpwJ. ,ij ed;F czu;e;jtu;fs; jkpou;fs;. vdNtjhd; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; capupy;yh
nghUl;fshfpa kz;izAk;> fy;ypizAk; %yg;nghUshff; nfhz;L gbkf;fiy>
Xtpaf;fiyiaAk; vopYw cUthf;fp jkpo; kz;zpw;F ngUik Nru;j;Js;sdu;. ,itfspd;
gupzhkNk gpwF kl;ghz;lf;fiy> rpw;gf;fiy> fl;llf; fiy Nghd;W> thu;g;G
fiy> tptrha fUtpfs; kw;Wk; jw;fhg;G fUtpfs; jahupg;G Nghd;w njhopy;El;gf; fiyapid
ehfupf tsu;r;rpf;F jFe;jhu; Nghy; gz;ilaj; jkpou;fs; tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. NkYk;
,f;fiyfspd; Njhw;Wtha; kl;ghz;l fiyapy; ,Ue;Nj njhlq;Ftjhf njhy;ypay;
Ma;thsu;fs; Rl;Lfpd;wdu;.
kl;ghz;lf;fiy
njhd;ikahd
midj;J ehfupfq;fisr; rhu;e;j kf;fSk; jq;fs; Njitf;F jFe;jhw;Nghy; gy tifahd
kl;fyd;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Js;sdu;. Fwpg;ghf mf;fhy kf;fspd; gad;ghl;bw;F Vw;whu;Nghy;
tiftifahd kl;fyd;fs; tidag;gl;Ls;sd. xt;nthU fhyg;gFjpapYk; jahupf;fg;;gl;l
kl;fyd;fspy; mf;fhyj;jpa gupzhkEl;gj;jpid fhzKbfpwJ. Kjypy; tpspk;gpy;yh
kl;ghz;lq;fis jahupj;j khDlk; gpd; tpspk;Gld; $ba kl;ghz;l tbtikg;gpw;F
gupzkpj;jJ. gpwF gbg;gbahf ,f;fiy tsu;r;rpAw;W kl;ghz;lq;fs; moF ngw;wd.
Fwpg;ghf kl;ghz;lq;fspy; GFj;jg;gl;l tpspk;G kw;Wk; tisT njhopy;El;gq;fs;
rpw;gf;fiyf;F gupzkpj;J mf;fiyf;F capNuhl;lj;ij mspj;jJ. NkYk; gz;ilafhy khDlk;
vOj gofpaJk; kl;ghz;lq;fspy;jhd;. jkpofj;jpy; fp.K.1000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;gpUe;Nj rptg;G
epw kl;fyd;fSk;> fUg;G – rptg;G tz;z kl;fyd;fSk;> tOtOg;ghd fUg;G
epw fyd;fSk; nra;ag;gl;L Gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;Js;sd. rl;bfs;> jl;Lfs;>
Ftisfs;> tl;by;fs;> ghidfs;> Flq;fs;> %bfs; Nghd;w tPl;L cgNahfg;
nghUl;Sk;> ,we;jtu;fis Gijg;gjw;fhf ngupa kl;ghz;lq;fisAk; cUthf;fpapUe;jdu;.
Mjdhy; jhd; 3000 Mz;Lfs; goiktha;e;j Mjpr;rey;Y}u; mfoha;tpy; 110 tifahd
kl;fyd;fs; fpilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,k;kl;ghz;lf;fiyapid Fwpj;J rq;f ,yf;fpakhd GwehD}W
mjpf juTfis gfu;fpd;wJ. “fyQ;nra; NfhNt fyQ;nra; NfhNt> ,Us;jpzpe;
jd;d F&cj;jpus; g&cg;Gif mfy; ,U tpRk;gpd; Cd;WQ; #is ede;jiy %J}u;” (Gwk; 228) vd;w tupfspd; %yk; Fatd; jhd; nra;j
kl;ghz;lq;fis #isapy; ,l;L Rlg;gl;l jftiyf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. NkYk; kl;ghz;lfiyQid “Nfh” vd;W murDf;F epfuhf GwehD}w;wpy; Rl;lg;gLtJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. “ntz;Nfhs; Njhd;whf; FoprpnahL” (Gwk; 257) mjhtJ ghy;> japu; Nghd;wtw;iw thu;f;fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l jdp kl;ghz;lq;fis gw;wpaf; Fwpg;GfSk; cs;sd. NkYk; czT
rikg;gjw;nfd jdpahf ghidfs; jahupf;fg;gl;L gad;ghl;by; ,Ue;jikg;gw;wp “ml;l Foprp mow ;gae;jh mq;F” (Gwk; 237) vd;w ghly; tup Rl;LfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf
,k;kl;fyd;fs; rq;f fhyj;jpy; “mr;Rilr; rhfhl;L Muk; nghUe;jpa” (Gwk;
256) rf;fuj;jpd; %yk; Neu;j; jpahf jahupf;fg;gl;lijAk; mwpa KbfpwJ.
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> kJghdq ;fSf;nfd jdpahf “kJfl;rhb” (Gwk;
258)fs; gz;ila jkpofj;jpy; gad;ghl;by; ,Ue;Js;sd. “tpad;kyu;
mfd;nghopy; <kj;jhop” “ftp nre;jhopf; FtpGwj;J” (Gwk; 238) Nghd;wtupfspd; %yk; ,we;Njhiu Gijf;f
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ngupa mstpyhd kl;ghz;lq;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;GfSk; rq;f
,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt rpwpa mstpyhd kl;ghz;lk; Kjy; ngupa mstpyhd
kl;ghz;lq;fs; tiu rq;f fhyj;jpy; Gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;Js;sd. rq;ffhy efuq;fshd mofd;Fsk;>
fPob Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; elj;jg;gl;l mfoha;tpy; mjpf mstpyhd kl;fy XLfs;
fpilf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ ,t;tpyf;fpa juTfSf;F NkYk; tYr;Nru;g;gjhf cs;sJ.
kUq;$u;
flY}u;
khtl;lk;> gz;Ul;b tl;lk; nfhs;Sf;fhud;Fl;ilapypUe;J tpUj;jhryk; nry;Yk;
rhiyapy; ,t;T+u; mike;Js;sJ. fle;j 06.10.2009 md;W ,t;T+iu rhu;e;j ,uhkypq;fk;
vd;gtu; fduf ve;jpuk; %yk; jkJ epyj;ij rPu; nra;Ak;NghJ ,Uk;Gfhyj;ijr; rhu;e;j
Ie;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l KJkf;fs; jhopfs; ntspg;gl;ld. cile;j jhopfspy; ,Ue;J fUg;G – rptg;G epw kl;fyd;fs;> tOtOg;ghd fUg;Gepw
kl;fyd;fs;> ,Uk;G MAjq;fs;> kdpj vYk;Gj;Jz;Lfs;> jkpo; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs;
nghwpf;fg;gl;l fUg;G – rptg;G kl;fy XLfs;; Nrfupf;fg;gl;ld. ,g;gz;ghl;L
gFjpapy; fpilj;j kl;fy XLfspd; typikj;jd;ik Fwpj;J (X- Ray Floresence) Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
|
X - RAY FLORESENCE
STUDY (XRF – RESULTS) |
|
|
Element composition |
Red clay concentration (%) |
|
rpypf;fh
– il – Mf;irL |
61.840 |
|
mYkpdh
Mf;irL |
18.220 |
|
fhy;\pak;
Mf;irL |
4.674 |
|
,Uk;G
Mf;irL |
6.890 |
|
nghl;lh\pak;
Mf;irL |
2.573 |
|
nkf;dp\pak;
Mf;irL |
1.91 |
|
khq;fdpR
Mf;irL |
0.109 |
|
Nrhbak;
Mf;irL |
2.150 |
|
ill;lhdpak;
Mf;irL |
1.090 |
|
ry;gu;
- il – Mf;i]L |
0.053 |
Fwpg;ghf kUq;$upy; jahupf;fg;gl;l
kl;fyd;fspy; rpypf;fh – il –
Mf;irL 61.840 tpOf;fhLk;> mYkpdh
Mf;irL 18.220 tpOf;fhLk; ,Ug;gjpdhy;
jhd; mit cWjpj;jd;ikNahL ,Ug;gjw;F %yf;fhuzkhFk;. NkYk; ,q;F tho;e;j ,Uk;Gfhy
kf;fs; jahupj;j fUg;G – rptg;G epw kl;fyd;fs; typikahdjhf ,Ug;gjw;F
fhuzk;> Nkw;fz;l jhJg;nghUl;fs; cs;s jukhd kz;iz Nju;e;njLj;J kl;fyd;fis jahupj;J
#iyapy; itj;J rupahf 5900C Kjy; 6000C
ntg;gepiyapy; Rlg;gl;ljd;
tpisthfj;jhd; mk;kl;fyz;fs; cNyhfj;jd;ikapd; typikiag;ngw;W jukhdjhf tpsq;fpd. gz;ila
fhyj;jpy; tsu;r;rpAw;w ,j;njhopy;El;gf;fiy fp.gp. 10 Mk; E}w;whz;by;
jkpofj;jpy; cNyhff; fiyapy; Vw;gl;l Gul;rpfukhd tsu;r;rpapd; tpisthf
kl;ghz;lf;fiy tPo;r;rpAw Muk;gpj;jJ vdyhk;. NkYk; jhopfs; fpilj;j ,lj;jpypUe;J
njw;FgFjpapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fsMa;tpy;
,Uk;Gfhy kf;fspd; to;tplg;gFjp fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J
fUg;G - rptg;G epw kl;fy XLfs;> 7 x
21 x 42 nr.kP msTs;s nrq;fw;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fl;llg;gFjpAk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f; fl;llg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J
vLf;fg;gl;l nrq;fy;ypd; typik Fwpj;J Ma;T nra;jjpy;.
|
1 |
rpypf;fh – il – Mf;irL |
61 % |
|
2 |
mYkpdh Mf;irL |
19 % |
|
3 |
,Uk;G Mf;irL |
7 % |
|
4 |
fhy;\pak; Mf;irL |
5 % |
|
5 |
kf;dPrpak; Mf;irL |
2 % |
Nghd;w
fdpkq;fs; epiwe;j kz;zpypUe;J nrq;fw;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;ljhy;jhd; mit typik
jd;ikNahL ,Ug;gjw;F fhuzk; vd;gJ fz;L;gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tha;tpd; %yk;
gz;ilafhy jkpou; kz;zpapay; Jiwapy; rpwe;j Gyik ngw;wpUe;jdu; vd;gij
mwpaKbfpwJ.
,Uk;G njhopy; El;gk;
jkpofj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fs; ,Uk;gpid fp.K.1000
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu fz;lwpe;J mjid gad;gLj;j Kw;gl;Ltpl;ldu;. Fwpg;ghf nghUientsp
ehfupfk; vd;W miof;fg;;gLk; Mjpr;rey;Y}upy; eilngw;w mfoha;tpy; kl;Lk; 391
tifahd ,Uk;G nghUl;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. gz;ila jkpou;fs; ,Uk;G jhJf;fs; epiwe;j
kz;iz rupahf Nju;T nra;J mjid ciyapy; ,l;L cUf;fp jq;fSf;F Njitahd Nthsz;
kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G fUtpfis cUthf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;. ,Uk;gpd; gad;ghl;L njhopy;El;gk; vd;W tptrhaj;jpy; GFj;jg;gl;lNjh md;W Kjy;
jkpou;;Fs; xU Gjpa gupzhk kWkyu;r;rpNa Vw;gl;lJ vdyhk;. NkYk; typikahd kwf;fyd;fis
cUthf;fp mjd; %yk; cyfpd; gpw kf;fNshL nghUshjhu> fiygz;ghl;L njhlu;gpapay;
$Wfis jkpou;fs; tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;s ,Uk;gpd; fz;Lgpbg;Gk; xU fhuzkhf mike;jjJ.
CJiy
,Uk;ig cUf;Fk; CJiy njhopy; El;gk;
jkpofj;jpy; ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpy; njhlq;fp gpwF gy Gjpa khw;wq;fisg; ngw;W
mghutsu;r;rp fz;lJ. fle;j 2011-Mk; Mz;L flY}u; khtl;lk;> tpUj;jhryk; tl;lk;
ebag;gl;L Iadhu; Nfhtpy; gpd;Gwk; cs;s ngupa Xilapd; Nkw;F fiuapy; %d;W ,Uk;G
CJiyfs; fz;lwpag;gl;ld. ,t;T+Jiyfs; Kl;il tbtpy; fpof;F> Nkw;fhf
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. 110 nr.kP ePsKk;> 60 nr.kP mfyKk; nfhz;l ,t;T+Jiyapd;
fhyk; fp.gp. 11 – 12 Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk;.
CJiy El;gk;
,q;F fpilf;fg;gl;Ls;s CJiyfs; KOtJk;
fspkz;izf;nfhz;L tbtikf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. ,jDs; Rkhu; 100 fpNyh %yg;nghUis ,lKbAk;.
NkYk; ,g;gFjpapy; fpilf;ff;$ba kz;zpy; ,aw;ifahfNt 60 tpOf;fhL ,Uk;Gj;jhJ
fye;Js;sJ. ,k;kz;iz CJiyapy; ,l;L 15380C ntg;gepiyia nrYj;jp ,Uk;ig gpupj;Js;sdu;. ,jpy; 15380C ntg;gepiyapy; ,Uk;G jputepiyf;F khWfpwJ.
Mdhy; fspkz;zhy; nra;ag;gl;l CJiy cUftpy;iy. fhuzk;> rhjhuz kz;zpd; cUFepiy
12500C MFk;. Mdhy; fspkz;zpd; cUF epiy 17800C vdNtjhd; CJiy cUFk; Kd;ghfNt mtu;fs;
,Uk;gpid gpupj;Js;sdu;. ,e;j njhopy; El;gf;fiyapd; %yNk gz;ilafhy jkpou;fs;
cNyhfj;ij cUf;Fk; njhopy; El;gj;jpy;; KOikahd ntw;wpia ngw Kbe;jJ. NkYk; ebag;gl;L
gFjpapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l ,Uk;gpy; kpff;Fiwe;j msT fupfyf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhy; ,q;F
fUtpfs; jahupf;fg;gad;gLk; NjdpUk;G (Wrought Iron) jahupf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd;gjid mwpaKbfpwJ.
KbTiu
cyfpy; ,d;W gy njhopy; El;gq;fs; cUthfp
,Ue;jhYk; kdpjd; Mjpfhyj;jpy; fw;fis cilj;J MAjk; jahupf;Fk; njhopy; El;gk; njhlq;fp>
gpwF kl;ghz;lf; fiy> ,Uk;ig kz;zpy; ,Ue;J gpupj;J fUtpfs; nra;jy; Mfpa
njhopy; El;gf;fiyfNs midj;J Ez;fiyfSf;FNk Kd;NdhbahFk;. ,jid gz;ila jkpou;fs;
ed;F mwpe;jjpdhy; jhd; mtu;fs; fiy kw;Wk; mwptpay; njhopy;El;gq;fspy; msg;gupa
ntw;wpia <l;l Kbe;jJ vdyhk;.
Fwpg;G E}y;gl;bay;
1.
Kidtu;
g.rz;Kfk;> jkpof kz; cUtq;fs;> Nrfu;gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id - 2009
2.
Gytu;
m.khzpf;fdhu;> GwehD}W %yKk; ciuAk;> tu;j;jkhdd; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>
1999.
3.
Dr.Gurumurthy,
Ceramic Traditions in South India, University of Madras, Madras, 1981.
4.
R.,uhrNtY>
Nfh.jpU%u;j;jp jkpo;ehl;Lj;njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs;> gz;ghl;L ntspaPl;lfk;>
nrd;id> 1995.
5.
M.,uhftd;>
Mjpj;jey;Y}Uk; nghUientsp ehfupfKk;> mkpo;jk; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id> 2005.
6.
“Rock Magnetic and
Geomagnetic Field Intensity Studies on Megalithic Acrchaeological Pottery
Samples from Tamil Nadu, India”, Quaternary International Journal Vol.298, 17
June 2013.
7.
Catalogue of the
Prehistoric Antiquities from Adichanallur and Perumbair – by Alexander Rea
F.S.A (Scot) Madars – 19
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