சங்ககால அரிக்கமேடு துறைமுகத்தின் வர்த்தக நடவடிக்கைகள்
முனைவர் ஜெ.ஆர்.சிவராமகிருஷ்ணன்
உதவிப்பேராசிரியர்
வரலாற்றுத்துறை
குந்தவை நாச்சியார் அரசு மகளிர் கலைக் கல்லூரி
தஞ்சாவூர்
miyfly; eLTs; gyfyQ;nrYj;jpj; jpiuflNyhbj;
jputpak;Njl Kide;j gz;ila jkpoH fpNuf;fk;> NuhkhGhp>vfpg;J>
ghy];jPdk;> nkrgNlhkpah> ghgpNyhdpah> mNugpa ehLfs;> kyhah>
,e;NjhNdrpah> [hth> jha;yhe;J> rPdh> ,yq;if Nghd;w may; ehl;bdUld;
ePbj;j thzpg njhlh;ig nfhz;bUe;jdh;. ,e;njhlh;G ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;ij me;epar;
nryhtzp %yk; cah;j;;j fhuzkhf mike;jJ. NkYk; ntspehl;L th;j;jfj;jhy; gpwehl;bdhpd;
cah;a fiyEl;gq;fSk; jkpofj;jpw;Fs;CLUtpd vd;gij“kfjtpidQUk; khul;lf;fk;kUk;> mte;jpf; nfhy;yUk;
atdj;jr;rUk;” vd;w ,yf;fpa
gjpthy; czuKbfpwJ. gz;ilafhyjkpoUld; ntspehl;bdh; nfhz;bUe;j th;j;jfj;jpd;
epiyj;jd;ikf;F “nfhs;tJ}k;
kpifnfhshJ nfhLg;gJ}k; FiwglhJ gy; gz;lk; gfh;e;J” vd;w jkpohpd; th;j;jf eil Kiwr;rl;lKk; Kf;fpa
fhuzhFk;. vdNtjhd; mf;fhyj;jpy; gy ehLfs; jkpofj;Jld; thzpgk; nra;a
Nghl;bNghl;Lf; nfhz;L tq;ff; fliy Nehf;fpd.
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mofd;Fsk;> g+k;Gfhh;> mhpf;fNkL>vapw;gl;bdk; Nghd;wit rq;ffhy JiwKfg;gl;bdq;fshFk;.
,g;Gfo;ngw;w JiwKfq;fspy; ,Ue;J mfpy;> kpsF> Vyf;fha;> re;jhdk;>
k];ypd; Jzp> Kj;J> mhpa fy;kzpfs; Nghd;w kjpg;GW gz;lq;fs; mjpf mstpy;
Vw;Wkjpahfpd. ,g;nghUl;fspy; ntspehl;L ngz;fis kpfTk; fth;e;jit Kj;J> tz;z
fy;kzpfSkhFk;. Kj;J Vw;W kjpf;F ghz;ba ehLk;> tz;z fy;kzpfs; jahhpg;G kw;Wk;
Vw;Wkjpf;F nfhq;F ehLk; Kjd;ikg; ngw;W tpsq;fpd. nfhq;Fehl;by; cw;gj;jpahd kzp
tiffs; Nkw;Fflw;fiu topahf te;j mNugpa> fpNuf;f> Nuhkhdpa tzpfh;fs; ngUkstpy;
thq;fpr; nrd;wdh;. NkYk; fpof;fhrpa ehLfshd jha;yhe;J> [hth> Rkj;jpuh>
rPdh> ,yq;if Nghd;w ehl;bdH Nkiy flw;fiuapy; th;j;jfj;jpy;<Lgl;bUe;jdh;
atdHfSk; ,e;ehl;bdiu Nghd;Nwkj;jpa jiu fly;gFjpapy; ,Ue;jNjrj;jth;fSk;
jkpofj;Jld; th;j;jfj;jpy; <Lgl;bUe;jij,yf;fpa kw;Wk; njhy;ypay; juTfs; %yk;
mwpaKbfpwJ.
mhpf;fNkL
GJr;Nrhp
khepyj;jpy; cs;s mupahq;Fg;gk; mUNf mhpf;fNkL mike;Js;sJ. ,d;W kzy;Nkbl;L
fhzg;gLk; ,g;gFjp rq;ffhyj;jpy; Gfo;ngw;w JiwKfg;gl;bdkhf tpsq;fpajhFk;. ,j;JiwKfj;ijg;
gw;wp fpNuf;f gaz E}yhd “nghpg;y];
Mg; vhpj;jphpad; ]p” vd;w
E}y; “nghJNf” vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. NkYk; vfpg;jpa ehl;il rhh;e;j
jhykp vd;gth; jkJ E}ypYk;“nghJNf” vd;Nwr;Rl;Lfpwhh;. mfehD}W Fwpg;gpLk; tPiu vd;w
tPuhk;gl;bdNk nghJNf JiwKfnkd gj;k= Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd; mth;fs Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
fp.gp. 17 Mk; E}w;whz;L muR Mtzq;fspy; mhpahq;Fg;gj;jpd; tlf;Fg; gFjpapy;
mhpf;fNkL cs;sjhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.NkYk; gz;ila fhyj;jpy; mhpahq;Fg;gk;>
mhpf;fNkL gFjpfs; tPuhk;gl;bdj;jpd; xUq;fpize;jg; gFjpahf ,Ue;jJ vd tuyhw;W
mwpQh;fs; $Wfpd;wdH.
mhpf;fNkL
mfoha;Tfs;
mhpf;fNkl;bd;
njhd;ikr;rpwg;ig mwpe;j gpnuQ;R mfoha;T FOtpdh; 1941 Mk; Mz;L mfoha;T gzpia
Nkw;nfhz;L Nuhkhdpah;fspd; kl;fyr;; rhd;Wfis fz;lwpe;jdh;. mjd;gpwF ,e;jpa
njhy;ypay; gug;gha;T Jiwia rhh;e;j rh;.khh;bkh;tPyh; 1945 Mk; Mz;L ,q;F
mwptpay; Kiwapyhd mfoha;T gzpapid Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. mg;nghOJ gz;lfrhiy xd;wpd;
fl;llg;gFjp> mhpl;ild;> $k;G tbtpyhd atdh;fspd; Mk;Nghuh [hbfspd; cile;j
ghfq;fs;> nusyl;ll; tif kl;fy XLfs; Nghd;wit fpilj;jd. ,jd; %yk; fp.K Kjy;
E}w;whz;by; fpNuf;f> Nuhkhdpah; ,g;gFjpapy; th;j;jf eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;bUe;jdh;
vd;gij Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. mjd; gpwF fle;j 1992-93 Mk; Mz;by; ngd;rpy;Ntdpah
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; njhy;ypay; mwpQh; tpkyh ngf;yp vd;gth; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;
fofj;Jld; ,ize;J mfoha;T gzpapid Nkw; nfhz;lhh;. mg;nghOJ 3kPx4kP
msTs;s rhaj;njhl;b xd;iwAk;> fopTePh;fis ntspNaw;Wtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
fhy;tha; gFjpfisAk; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;. NkYk; mhpf;fNkL mfoha;tpy; mhpl;ild;>
Mk;Nghuh> nuhsyl;ll; tif kl;fyd;;fs; ngUkstpy; fpilj;Js;sd. Mk;NghNuh tif
[hbfs; ifg; gpbAld; KOtbtpy; fpilj;jd.,t;tif kl;ghz;lq;fspy; atdNjaj;jth;fs;
kJghdq;fis nfhz;LtUtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;litfshFk;mhpf;fNkLmfoha;tpy;kj;jpa
jiuf;fly; gFjpiar; rhh;e;j nlh;uhrpfpNyl;lh tif kl;fyd;fspd; cile;j ghfq;;fSk;
fpilj;Js;sd.;NkYk;Nuhkhdpah;fs; gad;gLj;jpa fz;zhb fpz;zq;fs;> cs;ehl;by;
jahhpf;fg;gl;lgr;ir> Cjh> rptg;G> kQ;ry;>fUg;G> nts;is Ngd;w epwq;fisf;
nfhz;l fz;zhbkzpfs; Nghd;wit mjpf mstpy; fpilj;jd. ,r;rhd;Wfs; fp.gp. 20 ypUe;J
fp.gp. 50 tiuapyhd fhyf; fl;lj;ijr; rhh;e;jitfshFk;. ,jd; %yk; rq;f fhyj;jpy;
kpfg;nghpa gz;lfrhiyfs;> MilfSf;F rhak; Jitf;Fk; njhopw;rhiyNghd;wit
mhpf;fNkL JiwKfg;gl;bdj;jpy; nray;gl;bUe;jij mwpaKbfpwJ. NkYk; fp.K. Kjyhk;
E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp.gp. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;L tiuapyhd fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; fpNuf;fh;>
Nuhkdpah;fs;> kj;jpajiuf;fly; gFjpiar; rhh;e;j tzpfh;fs; ,j;JiwKfj;Jld; Neub th;j;jf eltbf;ifapy; <Lg;gl;bUe;jdh;
vd;gJ njhy;ypay; mwpQh; tpkyhngf;ypapd; Ma;twpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.
Vw;Wkjpahd
kjpg;GW nghUl;fs;
jkpof “kzp Muq;fis ,dpAk; cNuhkhGhpg; ngz;fs; thq;fp
ehl;bd; fUt+yj;ij fhypnra;a mDkjpf;ff;$lhJ vd;W cNuhk; nrd;l;by; Ngrpdhd; jhykp”kpfr;rpwe;j thdtpayhsUk;> murpay; tpkh;rfUkhd
jhykp jkpof flw;fiu efuq;fspy; Nuhk kw;Wk; jkpof tzpfh;fSf;fpilNa eilngw;w
th;j;jfj;ij Nehpy; ghh;j;J gjpT nra;j ngUikf;Fhpath;. ghz;ba ehl;L
Kj;Jf;fSk;> nfhq;F> eLehl;Lg; gFjpapy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l tz;z kzpfspd;
kPJ NuhkhGhp ngz;fSf;F ,Ue;j trPfu <h;g;gpd; tpisthf Nuhkehl;bd; jq;fq;fs;
jkpofj;jpy; Ftpe;jijAk; jhykpapd; Fwpg;ghy; czuKbfpwJ. jkpofj;jpd; Kj;J kw;Wk;
fy;kzpfs; Nguofp fpspNahghl;uhtpd; (fp.K. 68 - 30) Nkdpia myq;fhpj;jNjhL
my;yhky; Nuhk ehl;bd; nghUshjhu MzpNtiuNa tPo;j;Jk;mstpw;F nrd;wjhf tuyhw;W
mwpQh;fs; $Wfpd;wdh;. jkpofj;jpypUe;J nrd;w nghUl;fspy; NuhkhGhp ngz;fis kpfTk;
fth;e;j kjpg;GW nghUs; tz;z fy;kzpfshFk;.
jkpofj;jpd;
Nkw;F flw;fiu topahf te;j ntspehl;bdh; ghyf;fhl;L fztha; topahf nfhq;Fkz;lyj;ij
mile;J nfhLkzy; gFjpapy; cw;gj;jpahd tz;z kzpfis thq;fpr; nrd;wdh;. flY}h;
khtl;lj;jpy; fpof;F flw;fiuia xl;bapUe;j kzpf;nfhy;iy. rpyk;gpkq;fyk;>nghpag;gl;L>
Mz;lhh; Ks;spg;gs;sk;> jpahfty;yp>fhiuf;fhL> FbfhL Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; ,aq;fpte;j
njhopw;rhiyfspy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l tz;zkzpfs; mhpf;fNkl;bw;F te;j fpNuf;fk;>
Nuhk;> rPdh> jha;yhe;J> ,e;NjhNd~pah> [hth> ,yq;if kw;Wk; mNugpa
tzpfh;fs; ngUkstpy; thq;fpr; nrd;wdh;. NkYk; flY}h; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s
fhiuf;fhL> FbfhL fpuhkj;jpy; fle;j 1967-1989 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w mfoha;Tfspy;
rhy;rpldp> mnkjp];l;> nghpy;> [h];gh;> mNfl;> #Jgtok; Nghd;w
kzptiffSk;> mjd;%yg;nghUl;fSk; mjpfk; fpilj;Js;sd. fp.K 1>fp.gp. 2 Mk;
E}w;whz;by; ,g;gFjpapy; tho;e;j kzpfs; jahhpf;Fk; cw;gj;jpahsh;fSld; Nuhkhdpah;fs;
Neub th;j;jf njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jdh; vd;gij ,t;tpU mfoha;TfSk; cWjpgLj;JfpwJ vd Nguhrphpah; K.V
,uhkd; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.vdNt ntspehl;L kq;ifah;fspd;
kjpg;GW gz;lkhf tpsq;fpa tz;z kzpfs; mhpf;fNkl;bd; topahf ngUkstpy; Vw;Wkjp
nra;ag;gl;lij mfoha;T juTfspd; thapyhfczu KbfpwJ. flY}h; khtl;lj;jpy; ,aq;fp
te;j kzpfs; jahhpf;Fk; njhopw;rhiyfSf;F jkpofj;jpd; Nkw;F gFjpapy; cs;s rptd;kiy>
ngUkhs;kiy ntq;fNkL> fhq;Nfak;> vlg;ghb> jhskiy> vUikg;gl;b>
jhj;ijaq;fhh;Ngl;il> gba+h; Nghd;w Ch;fspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l %yf;fw;fisg;
ngw;w ,g;gFjpapy; tho;e;j nfhy;yh;fs; kzpfshf;fpdh; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
xd;whFk;. fle;j 1945 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w mhpf;fNkL mfoha;tpy; rq;ffhyj;ij rhh;e;j
gz;lf rhiyfspd; fl;lg;gFjpfs; fz;lwpag;gl;ld. 1992 Mk; Mz;L>
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mfoha;tpy; 3kP x 4kP msTs;s rhaj;njhl;bfs;
mjid xl;b ciwfpzWfs; fpilj;jd. ,jd; %yk; cs;ehL kw;Wk; mhpf;fNkl;by;
nea;ag;gl;l gUj;jp MilfSf;F ,r;rha njhopw;rhiyapy; tz;zk; Jitf;fg;gl;L
ntspehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;ljhf njhy;ypay; mwpQh; tpkyh ngf;yp jkJ
Mw;twpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. NkYk; mhpf;fNkl;by; ,Ue;J ahidj;je;jj;jhy; Mdh
fiyg;nghUl;fs;> rq;fpdhy; nra;ag;gl;l fhjzpfs;> Nkhjpuk;> tisay;>
fOj;jzp Nghd;witfs; ,q;fpUe;J Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;l gpw kjpg;GW gz;lfq;fshFk;.
mhpf;fNkl;by; ,wf;Fkjpahd
nghUl;fs;
mhpf;fNkL mfoha;tpy; ifg;gpbAld; $ba $k;g
tbt Mk;Nghuh [hbfs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; fpilj;Js;sd. vdNt rq;f ,yf;fpak; Rl;Lk; “atdh; ed;fye; je;j jz;fko;
Njwy;” (Gwk-;56)
,j;JiwKfj;jpy; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sij mwpaKbfpwJ. NkYk; fle;j 2013 Mk; Mz;L
MNuhtpy; gFjpapy; eilngw;w mfoha;tpy; gj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;;gl;l cNyhftpsf;Ffs;
fpilj;Js;sd. ,it mhpf;fNkL JiwKfj;jpy; th;j;jfk; nra;j atd ehl;bdhplk; thq;fg;gl;ljhf
,Uf;fyhk; vd mt;tha;twpf;if Rl;LfpwJ. vdNt “atdh; ,aw;wpa tpid khz; ghit ifNae; ijafy; epiwa>
nea;nrhhpe;J g& cj;jphp nfhsp ,a f&cj;jJ fpow;Vhp” (neLey;: 101-103) kw;Wk; “atd Xjpk tpsf;F” (ngUk;ghz;: 316-317) vd;W ,yf;fpaq;fs;
Rl;Lk; atd tpsf;Ffs; ,j;JiwKfj;jpy; ,wf;Fkjpahd kjpg;GW gz;lq;fspy; xd;whf
,Ue;Js;sij mwpaKbfpwJ.
KbTiu
Nuhk; xU Fbaurhf ,Ue;j fhyj;jpypUe;Nj
jkpofj;Jld; me;ehl;bdh; th;j;jfj;ij Nkw;nfhz;L te;jdh;. ,Nj fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;
kj;jpajiufly; gFjpia rhh;e;j ehLfSk; kw;Wk; fpof;fhrpa ehLfSk; fp.K. 2 Mk;
Ehw;whz;L Kjy; fp.gp 3 Mk; Ehw;whz;L tiuapyhd fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; mhpf;fNkL
JiwKfg;gl;bdj;NjhL th;j;jf eltbf;iffspy; <Lg;gl;bUe;jij njhy;rhd;Wfs;
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjhf cs;sJ. rq;f fhyj;jpy;,j;JiwKfj;jpd; topahf ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l
kjpg;GWgz;lq;fspy; Kjyplk; itg;git atdj; Njwy; kw;Wk; tpsf;FfshFk;. ,NjNghd;W
,j;JiwKfj;jpy; ,Ue;J Vw;Wkjpahd nghUl;fspy;ntspehl;bdiu kpfTk; fth;e;j kjpg;GW
gz;lfq;fs; fy; kw;Wk; fz;zhb kzpfs;> gUj;jp Milfs; Nghd;wit Kjyplk;
itj;Js;sd. ,itfs; rhh;e;j njhy;jilaq;fs; mhpf;fNkL mfoha;tpy; tputp fpilj;Js;sjhy;
,j;JiwKfj;jpy; eilngw;w tzpf eltbf;iffSf;F NkYk; tYr;Nrh;g;gjhf cs;sJ.
1.
GwehDhW> fof ntspapL.
2.
neLey;thil>
fof ntspapL.
3.
ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil>
fof ntspapL.
4.
fdfyjh KFe;j;>
goe;jkpo; tzpfh;fs;.
5.
Kidth;
fh.uh[d;> njhy;ypay; Nehf;fpy; rq;ffhyk;.
6.
R. ,uhrNtY>
Nfh. jpU%h;j;jp> jkpo;ehl;Lj; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs;.
7.
Annual
Report of ASI., 1993 –
1994.
8.
tp. v];.tp. ,uhftd;>
jhykp> kzpthrfh; gjpg;gfk;.
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