வரலாற்று நோக்கில் தண்ணீர்ப் பந்தல்
முனைவர் ஜெ.ஆர்.சிவராமகிருஷ்ணன்
உதவிப்பேராசிரியர்
வரலாற்றுத்துறை
குந்தவை நாச்சியார் அரசு மகளிர் கலைக் கல்லூரி - தஞ்சாவூர்
Kd;Diu
Nfhilfhyq;fspy; khDlj;jpw;Fk;> tpyq;;fpdj;jpw;Fk;
Vw;gLk; ePu; Ntl;ifia Nghf;Ftjw;fhf> jz;zPu;g;;;ge;jy;fs; Vw;gLj;JtJ rpwe;j
mwkhf nfhz;ltu;fs; gz;ilafhy kf;fs;. Mjdhy;jhd; rq;f fhyj;ijr; rhu;e;j rkz
fhg;gpaq;fshd rPtfrpe;jhkzp> kzpNkfiy Nghd;wtw;wpy; jz;zPu;g;ge;jy;fs;
gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fp.K %d;whk; E}w;whz;by; tl,e;jpahit Ml;rp
nra;j khkd;dd; mNrhfu; jz;zPu;g;ge;jy;fs; mikj;jij jkJ fy;ntl;L Mizapy;
ngUikahff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,tu; ngsj;j kjf;Nfhl;ghLfis KOikahfg;
gpd;gw;wpatu;. ,jd; %yk; rkzk;> ngsj;j kjq;fs; jz;zPug;;ge;jy;fspd;;
mtrpaj;ij ju;kf;Nfhl;ghl;Lld; If;fpag;gLj;jpf; Fwpg;gpLtJ Ma;tpw;Fupa xd;whf
cs;sJ. vdNtjhd; ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fKk; jz;zPu;g;;ge;jy;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpidAk;
mjd; fhygupkhw;wq;fisAk; Ma;tij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
jz;zPu;g;ge;jy; Vw;gLj;j cfe;j khjk;
kf;fspd; jhfk; jPu;f;Fk; jz;zPu;g;;;ge;jy;fs;
vk;khjq;fspy; Vw;gLj;JtJ vd;w eilKiwr; rl;lj;ij gz;ilafhy fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;
fhzKbfpwJ. cjuhzkhf cj;jpuNk&upy; cs;s Vupthupa ngUkf;fs; gq;Fdp khjk;
cj;jpuel;rj;jpuk; njhlq;fp> fhu;j;jpif khjj;jpd; fhu;j;jpif el;rj;jpuk; Kba
mjhtJ vl;L khjq;fs; fl;lhakhf jz;zPu;g;ge;jyikj;J mjid guhkupf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w
fl;lisapd; tiuaiwia cj;jpuNk&u; fy;ntl;by; fhzKbfpwJ.
jz;zPu;g;ge;jy; mikf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fs;;
jz;zPu;g;;ge;jy;fs; kf;fs; mjpfk; $Lk;
,lq;fshd Nfhapy;fs;> nghJ kz;lgq;fs;> jpUtpohf;fhyq;fspy; jw;fhypfkhf
mikf;fg;gl;l jz;zPu;g;ge;jy;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;FfSf;nfd cUthf;fg;gl;l rpwg;G jz;zPu;g;;ge;jy;fs;
Nghd;wtw;iwg; gw;wp vOj;jhtzq;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ. NkYk; kf;fs; nry;Yk; ngUtopfspd;
mUNfAk; jz;zPu;g;ge;jy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jijAk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
Kjy; jz;zPu;g;ge;jy;
fy;ntl;L
nksupa Nguuir fp.K 269 Kjy; fp.K 232 tiu
Ml;rp nra;j mNrhfu;> fypq;fg;NghUf;F gpwF Gj;jkjj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp ju;kf;Nfhl;ghLfspy;
mjPj gw;whsdhf tpsq;fpdhu;. ,ij mtuJ fy;ntl;L Mizfs; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ. mNrhfuJ
ju;kf;Nfhl;ghLfisg;gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk; VohtJ fw;W}z; Mizapy; rhiyfspy;
kdpju;fSf;Fk;> tpyq;FfSf;Fk; epoy;jUk; Mykuq;fis el;bUf;fpNwd;.
khe;Njhg;Gfis itj;jpUf;fpNwd;; miuf; Nfhrpw;F (xd;Nw fhy; iky; njhiyT)
Xuplj;jpy; fpzWfis ntl;bitj;Js;Nsd;; rj;jpuq;fSk; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd;; khe;jUf;Fk;> tpyq;FfSf;Fk; trjpahf Vuhskhd jz;zPu;g;ge;jy;fs;
gytplq;fspYk; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd;; vd;w nra;jpia $WfpwJ. NkYk; ,e;jpahtpNyNa
jz;zPu;g;ge;jy;fspd; cUthfj;ij typAWj;Jk; Kjy; fy;ntl;L ,Jthfj;jhd; ,Uf;fKbAk.;
rhiyfspy; gazpf;Fk; kf;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; kPJ mNrhfUf;fpUe;j jd;dykw;w
kdpjj;jpd; ntspg;ghNl ,e;j mwr;nraYf;F fhuzkhf mike;jJ vdyhk;.
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; jz;zPu;;g;ge;jy;
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; jz;zPu;g;ge;jy;fspd;
mikg;Gfs; gw;wp mwpaKbfpwJ. Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fspy; xd;whd kzpNkfiyapy; fr;rpkhefu;
Gf;ffhijapy; fhQ;rpkhefuj;jpd; tPjpapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j jz;zPu;g;;ge;jypd;
rpwg;ig Fwpg;gpLk;nghOJ> “mfpy; Kjy; Gifj;J> epiwe;j ge;jy; jRk;Gk;
thu;ePUk;,”; vd;w ghly;tupapy; njUf;fspy;
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j ge;jy;fspy; kz;Flq;fspy; jz;zPu; epug;gg;gl;bUe;jijAk;>
mg;ge;jy; KOtJk; mfpy;kdk; fko;e;jjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,jd; %yk; fhQ;rp
khefuj;jpy; ,Ue;j jz;zPu;g;;ge;jy;fs; Rfhjhuj;Jld; ,Ue;jJ vdyhk;.
rPtrpe;jhkzpapy; Vkhq;fjehl;bd; rpwg;ig gw;wp $Wk; nghOJ me;efupy;
mikf;fl;bUe;j jz;zPug;;ge;jypd; tbtikg;igg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLtJ tpag;gspg;gjhf
cs;sJ. mjhtJ ntg;gkpy;yhj fUney;yp> jhd;wp
kuq;fshy; #Og;gl;l Ridapy; ,Ue;J fhiy Neuj;jpy; vLj;Jtug;gl;l Fspu;r;rp nghUe;jpa
jz;zPu; Flq;fspy; epug;gg;gl;L thridkpf;f kyu;fs;> re;jdkpl;bUe;jij “ntg;G,y; Kg;gor; Ridj; jiyj;
jz;zPu;kyu; mzpe;J re;jdk;nra; ge;jUk;
”
vd;w ghly; tupahy; czuKbfpwJ. fUney;yp> jhd;wp kuq;fs; kUj;Jt Fzk;kpf;f
kuq;fshFk;. NkYk; kdpj cliy mopah epiyf;F ,l;Lr;nry;Yk; jd;ik fUney;ypf;Fz;L.
,k;kuq;fshy; #og;gl;l RidapypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l jz;zPu; Kw;wpYk; kUj;Jt
Fzk;kpf;fJ. ,jid mUe;JNthu; MNuhf;fpaj;Jld; ,Ug;gu;. ,q;F kf;fspd; MNuhf;fpak;
fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gy;ytu;fhy jz;zPu;;g;ge;jy;
mWgj;J%d;W ehad;khu;fspy; xUtuhd
mg;g+jpabfs; Nrhoehl;by; cs;s jpq;fs+upy;;
gpwe;jtu.; fp.gp Vohk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhu;e;j ,tu>; mg;gu; Rthkpfspd;
rkfhyj;jtuhthu;. rpwe;j rptgf;juhd ,tu; jpq;fs+Uf;F tUk; rptdbahu; kw;Wk; tupNahu;fSf;nfd
gy mwr;nray;fis nra;Jte;jhu;. mg;g+jpabfs; jpUehTf;furu; kPJ nfhz;l gw;wpdhy;
jhk; epWtpa midj;J mwr;rhiyfSf;Fk; jpUehTf;furu; vd;w ngaiuNa #l;bapUe;jhu;.
xUKiw jpUehTf;furu; jpq;fs+Uf;F te;j nghOJ jkJ ngaupy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j
mwr;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; jz;zPu;g;;ge;jy;fis fz;L tpag;Gw;wij>
“Fsk; epiwe;j
ePu;j; jlk;
Nghy; Fspu; J}q;Fk; gug;gpdjha;
tsk; kUTk; epoy;
jU
jz;zPu;g; ge;ju; te;J mize;jhu;”.
“<upy;ngUe; jz;zPu;g;;
ge;jupy;;
Ek; ngu; vOjhNj
NtW xU Ngu; Kd;
vOj
Ntz;ba fhuzk; vd;nfhy;;”.
“tsk; jUfpd;w
epoy; jz;zPu;g; ge;jUk;”> vd ngupaGuhzk;
$WfpwJ. Nkw;fz;lghly; tupfspd; %yk; mf;fhyj;jpy; jz;zPu;g;ge;jy;fspy; ngau;
vOjg;gl;bUe;jijAk;> mit Fspர்jU epoYld; Rj;jkhf ,Ue;jijAk; mwpa KbfpwJ. NkYk; jz;zPu;g;;;ge;jy;fs;
mikg;gij jiyaha mwnkd ngupaGuhzk; Rl;LtJ rpwg;G tha;e;j xd;whf cs;sJ. gy;yt
kd;dd; Kjyhk; guNk];tu;kd; (fp.gp.670 – 700) ntspapl;l
$uk; nrg;Ngl;by; mt;T+upy; cw;gj;jpahFk; nghUl;fspd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l tupapy; 25
gq;fpy; xU gq;F ghujk; thrpf;Fk; kz;lgj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j KONeu jz;zPu;g;;ge;jypd;
guhkupg;gpw;fhf xJf;fg;gl;lij “$uj;J
kz;lfj;Jf;F jz;zPu;f;Fe; jPf;Fk; xU gq;fhfTk;” vd;w tupapd; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ. ,jp;y; ,utpy;
Vw;wg;gLk; tpsf;fpw;Fk; Nru;j;J epjp xjpf;fPL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ ,uT>
gfnyd KONeuKk; kf;fspd; jhfk; jPu;f;Fk; gzp jilapd;wp nray;gl epue;ju epjp
xJf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ kdpjj;jpd; cr;rk; vdyhk;.
Nrhou;fhyj;jpy; jz;zPu;;g;ge;jy;fs;
gy;ytu; Ml;rpf;Fg; gpwF jkpofj;jpy; Vw;gl;l
Nrhou; Ml;rpapy; jz;zPu;g;ge;jy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jij fy;ntl;Lj; juTfs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. gy;ytu; fhyj;ijg; Nghd;Nw Nrhou; fhyj;jpYk; jz;zPu;g;ge;jy;fSf;F
ngau; #l;Lk; tof;fk; ,Ue;Js;sJ. Fwpg;ghf kd;du;> muR mjpfhup>
rkhdpakf;fs; Nghd;Nwhu; jq;fsJ ngaupy; jz;zPu;g;ge;jy;fs; Vw;gLj;jpaij fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
$Wfpd;wd. fd;dpahFkup khtl;lk; mfj;jP];tuk; Cupy; cs;s ,uz;lhk; ,uh[uh[dpd; Kg;gj;jp
xd;whtJ Ml;rpahz;L fy;ntl;by; Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[Nrhodpd; ngaupy; “nraq;nfhz;l Nrhod; jz;zPu;ge;jy;”;
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jijAk;> jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lk; cf;fy; fpuhkj;jpy; Gtdpkhzpf;f
tpz;zfu; vd;w ngUkhs; Nfhapypy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[Nrhodpd;
,Ugj;jp xd;gjhk; Ml;rpahz;L fy;ntl;by;
“;=uh[uh[d; jz;zPu; ge;jy;” vd;w Fwpg;Gk;> ehq;FNeup tl;lj;jpy; cs;s jsgjprKj;jpuk;
vd;w Cupy; cs;s fy;ntl;by; “Ntshd; rhj;jd; jpUf;nfhl;lhw;W ,uhrf;fu; Nguhy;
ehl;lhw;Wg; nghf;Fg;ngUk; goQ;rp vLg;gpj;j ,uhrfj;jz;zPu; ngUk;ge;jy;” gw;wpa fy;ntl;Lf; Fwpg;igAk; fhzKbfpwJ. ,jd; thapyhf
jz;zPu;g;ge;jy;fSf;F ngau; #l;Lk; tof;fk; gy;ytu; fhyj;jpypUe;J Nrhou;
fhyj;jpYk; njhlu;e;jJ vdyhk;.
fp.gp.845
Kjy; fp.gp.1279 tiu jkpofj;jpy; Ml;rpnra;j Nrhog;Nguuru;fs; Nfhapy;fs;>
kf;fs; $Lkplq;;fs;> ngUtopr;rhiyfs;> klq;fs;> rj;jpuq;fs;> Nrhiy
#o;e;j ,lq;fspy;; jz;zPu;g;;ge;jy;fs; mikj;jpUe;jij fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Rl;Lfpd;wd.
jpUr;rp khtl;lk;> jpUr;nre;Jiw re;jpuNrfuu; Nfhapypy; cs;s Kjyhk;guhe;jfr;Nrhodpd;
,UgjhtJ Ml;rpahz;L fy;ntl;by; “,t;t+u;f;fy;yk;gyj;J ,Ue;j Mw;Wj;
jz;zpwl;Ltjhf; FLj;j” ,Njkhtl;lj;jpy; cs;s jpUg;ghyj;Jiw
jhUfhtNd\;tuu; Nfhapypy; cs;s Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[ Nrhodpd; fy;ntl;by;” “,t;tk;gyj;Jf;F jz;zPu;ul;L thu;f;Fk; ,uhtpsf;nfupa”. jQ;irkhtl;lk; nre;jiy Re;jNu];tuu; Nfhapypy; cs;s
Mjpj;jNrhodpd; vl;lhtJ Ml;rpahz;L fy;ntl;by; ,tk;gyj;J “nfhilkhjz;zPu;
ml;LthDf;F epyk; vl;L kh” toq;fg;gl;lijAk;> fhQ;rpGuk;
khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s cj;jpuNk&u; Fk;Ng];tuu; Nfhapypy; cs;s %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;f
Nrhodpd; xd;gjhtJ Ml;rpahz;L fy;ntl;by; “vk;%u;
gpuhkzpkz;lgj;jpd; Kd;G jz;zPu;ge;jy; itj;jl;L Ml;lhz;LnjhWk;” vdTk;> fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk; nrt;typNkL fpuhkj;jpy;
cs;s ifyhrehju; Nfhapypy; rfyNyhf rf;futu;j;jpahd ntd;Wkz;nfhz;l rk;Gtuhaupd; ,Ugj;jp
vl;lhk; Ml;rpahz;ilr; rhu;e;j fy;ntl;by; “,j;jz;zPu;g;ge;jYf;Fk;
klj;Jf;Fk; Nru;j;J epue;ju itg;G toq;fg;gl;lijAk;> fd;dpahFkup mUNf cs;s
Fkupfopf;Fbapy; cs;s Iag;gd; Ntjpapd; rhj;jd; Nfhapy; jpUr;Rw;wpd; njd;Gwj;jpy;
cj;jkr;Nrhog; NgNuupapd; fPo;f;fiu topahf Nkw;F Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; ngUtopapy;
jz;zPu;g;ge;jy; mikf;fg;gbUe;jijAk;> jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lk; cf;fy; fpuhkj;jpy;
cs;s tp\;Z Nfhapypy; Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[Nrhod; fhyj;jpy; Nkiyg;ngUtopapy; jz;zPu;g;;ge;jy;
,Ue;jijAk; mf;fhy fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; topNa mwpa KbfpwJ. NkYk; Nrhou;fhyj;jpa
jz;zPu;g;ge;jy;fs; gd;dpnuz;L Nfhy; ePsKk;> gjpNdhUNfhy; mfyKk; cilajhf
,Ue;jd. jz;zPu;g;ge;jy; mike;j ,lq;fspy; gad;jU kuq;fis elTk;> ge;jiyr;
Rw;wp Ntyp mikf;fTk; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ. jz;zPu;g;;ge;jYf;F Njitahd
jz;zPu; MW kw;Wk; fpzw;wpypUe;J nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld vd;w Fwpg;GfSk; Nrhou; fhy fy;ntl;Lfspy;
fhzKbfpwJ.
jz;zPu;;g;ge;jy; rikj;Njhu;;
jz;zPu;g;;ge;jy; mikj;Njhu; ngUk;ghYk;
mikr;ru;fs;> muR mjpfhupfs;> murdpd; gzpkidkf;fs;> Ntjpau;>
tzpfu;fs; Nghd;Nwhu; jz;zPu;g;;ge;jy; mikj;J kf;fs; gzp nra;Js;sdu;. fp.gp.
1044 Mk; Mz;L Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; ,we;jhd;. ,tdJ kidtp tPukhNjtpAk; cld;
capu;ePj;jhu;. fhQ;rpGuk; mUNfAs;s gpuk;kNjrk; vd;Dk; Cupy; cs;s fy;ntl;by;
,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;> tPukhNjtp Mfpa ,Utu; capu;fl;Fk; ePu;Ntl;if jzpjw;nghUl;L
,ts; cld; gpwe;jhdhfpa Nrdhjpgjp kJuhe;jfd; guNfrup %nte;jNtshd; vd;gtd;
jz;zPu;g;ge;jy; epWtpaij $WfpwJ. nrt;typNkL fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s ifyhrehju;
Nfhapypy; rfyNyhf rf;futu;j;jpahd ntd;Wkz;nfhz;l rk;Gtuhaupd; (fp.gp. 1322 – 1339) ,Ugj;jpnal;lhk; Ml;rpahz;ilr; rhu;e;j fy;ntl;by;
Mw;ghw;fpohd; vd;w muR mjpfhup ,t;t+upy; jz;zPu;g;ge;jyikj;J mjw;F jilapy;yhJ
jz;zPu; toq;f epue;ju itg;ghf kid toq;fpAs;sij “
jz;zPu;ge;jYf;F jz;zPu; itf;Fk; gpuhkzu;fSf;F... kid ,uz;L tpl;L” vd fy;ntl;L Rl;LfpwJ. cf;fypy; cs;s Kjyhk;
,uh[uh[Nrhodpd; ,Ugj;J xd;gjhk; Ml;rpahz;L fy;ntl;by; ,Nj Ciu rhu;e;j fz;zd;
M&uhd; vd;w kd;ddpd;gzpkfd; cf;fy; topahf nrd;w Nkiyg;ngUtopapy; fpzWk;
njhl;bAk; mikj;J Mz;LNjhWk; jz;zPu;l;Ltjw;Fk;> fpzW kw;Wk; njhl;bia
GJg;gpj;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; ney;jhdk; toq;fpaij mwpa KbfpwJ.
guhkupg;G kw;Wk; Cjpak;
jz;zPu;g;;ge;jy;fis guhkupg;gjw;nfd;W jdpahf
gzpahl;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;jijAk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. flY}u;
khtl;lk;> cilahu;Fb re;jpuhjpj;jtu; Mo;thu; Nfhapy; Kd;G jz;zPu; ml;l
%thapuj;JD}w;Wtd; vd;Dk; gpuhkzd; gzpahsdhf epakpf;fg;gl;lij fhzKbfpwJ.
,NjNghd;W nrt;typNkL fpuhkj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l “rhiyf;fpzw;W
jz;zPu;g;;ge;jYf;F jz;zPu; itf;Fk; gpuhkzw;F”
vd;w fy;ntl;L tupapy; jz;zPu;ge;jYf;F ePu;ml;Lk; cupik gpuhkzu;fsplk;
,Ue;Js;sij czuKbfpwJ. cj;jpuNk&u; fy;ntl;by; ,t;t+u; Vupthupa ngUkf;fNs
,g;gFjpapy; ,Ue;j jz;zPu;g;;ge;jy;fis epu;tfpj;jjhf Rl;LfpwJ. vdNt Nrhou;
fhyj;jpy; jz;zPu;g;ge;jy;fspd; guhkupg;G gpuhkzu;fsplk; ,Ue;jJ vdyhk;.
,utpy; nray;gl;l jz;zPu;g;ge;jy;fs;
jpUr;rp khtl;lk; jpUg;ghyj;Jiw Mjp%sehju;
Nfhapy; mk;gyj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;l jz;zPu;g;;ge;jypy; ,utpy; tpsf;nfupf;f vz;nza;
ehdhopf;F ney; jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; jiuia nkOfpj; J}a;ik nra;aTk;
jz;zPu;g;ge;jYf;Fj; Njitahd kl;ghz;lq;fs; jilapd;wp toq;f FrtDf;F epue;ju
,Ug;ghf ney; jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;Ls;sijAk; $WfpwJ. ,jdhy; jz;zPu;g;ge;jy; ,uT>
gfy; Ngjkpd;wp epiyj;J ,aq;fpaJ. ,NjNghd;W ghz;bad; NfhkhwQ;riladpd; Kg;gj;jp
Ie;jhtJ Ml;rpahz;L fy;ntl;by; jz;zPu;g;;ge;jYf;F ,uT Neuq;fspy; tpsf;nfupf;f
epue;juitg;G toq;fg;gl;lijAk; fhzKbfpwJ. jz;zPu;g;ge;jiyg; guhkupf;f
toq;fg;gLk; epyj;jpid “ghdpa tpu;j;jp”
vdf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Rl;Lfpd;wd;. NkYk; jz;zPu;g; ge;jypd; guhkupg;gpw;fhf
epyk;> ney;> nghd; Kjypait epue;ju itg;ghf toq;fg;gl;lJ Ma;tpw;Fupa
xd;whFk;.
gpw;fhy jz;zPu;g;;ge;jy;
fp.gp. 1464 Kjy; fp.gp 1521 tiu nrQ;rpa
jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rpnra;jtu; Ntq;flgjpahtu;.
,tuJ rNfhjup Ntq;fl;lk;khs; vd;gtu; flY}u; ktl;lk;> FwpQ;rpg;ghb tl;lk;> ntq;flhk;Ngl;ilapy;
jz;zPu;g;ge;jy; xd;iw epWtpAs;shu;. rpjk;guj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntq;flhk;Ngl;il topahf
jpUtjpif> fhQ;rpGuk; nry;Yk; ngUtopapy; mikf;fg;gl;l jz;zPu;g;;ge;jypd; RtLfis
,d;Wk; fhzKbfpwJ. ntq;flhk;Ngl;il fpuhkj;jpd; tlf;F gFjpapy; cs;s rj;jpuk; vd;w
,lj;jpy; rhiyapd; mUNf goik tha;e;j fl;llKk;> mjd; Nkw;F gFjpapy; 144 nr.kP
ePsKk;> 67 nr.kP mfyKk;> 60 nr.kP cauKk; Rkhu; 307 ypl;lu; nfhs;ssTk;
nfhz;l ePs;nrt;tf tbt fUq;fy; njhl;bnahd;Ws;sJ. mj;njhl;bapd; ntspg;gFjpapy; “Ntq;fl;lk;khs; Gz;zpak; Nkhu;jz;zpg;ge;jy;” vd;Wk; fy;ntl;bd; njYq;Fg;gFjp “ntq;fNl];tuh
ieg;Gz;ah rj;uk;” vd;Wk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fy;ntl;Lf;fspd;
eLNt itzt rkaj;jpd; rpd;dkhd jpUkz; rpd;dk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; %yk; ,g;gFjpapy;
jhfk; jPu;f;Fk; jz;zPu;g;ge;jYk;> kf;fs; jq;fpr; nry;y trjpahf
rj;jpunkhd;Wk; ,Ue;Js;sij mwpaKbfpwJ. NkYk; jw;NghJs;s ntq;flhk;Ngl;il
fpuhkj;ij epWtpatu; Ntq;fl;lk;khs; Mthu;.
KbTiu
jz;zPu;g;ge;jy; mikf;Fk; mwg;gzp ,;e;jpatpy;
fp.gp. 3-k;; E}w;whz;by; njhlq;fp jw;fhyk; tiu njhlu;e;J tUtJ Ma;tpw;FupajhFk;.
jz;zPu;g;ge;jy;fs; mikg;gij caupa mwr;nrayhf rkz> ngsj;j> irt> itztr;
rkaq;fs; rkkhf typAWj;jpf; $WtJ
rpwg;Gtha;e;jjhFk;. NkYk; ,g;gzpapid kjk; fle;j kdpjj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhfTk;
nfhs;syhk;. vdNt Nfhilf;fhyq;fspy; jz;zPu;g;ge;jy;fs; mikj;J kdpjk; fhg;Nghk;.
Fwpg;G E}y; gl;bay;
1.
kzpNkfiy> fhQ;rpkhefu;
Gf;ff;fhij> gf;fk; : 32
2.
rPtfrpe;jhkzp>
ehkfspyk;gfk;> ghly; vz; : 75
3.
fd;dpahFkhup
fy;ntl;Lfs;> klyk; xd;W
4. njd;dpe;jpaf;
fy;ntl;Lfs;> klyk; III (Part -1)
5.
njd;dpe;jpaf;
fy;ntl;Lfs;> klyk; VI
6.
njd;dpe;jpaf;
fy;ntl;Lfs;> klyk; VII
7. njd;dpe;jpaf;
fy;ntl;Lfs;> klyk; VIII
8. njd;dpe;jpaf;
fy;ntl;Lfs;> klyk; XIII
9. njd;dpe;jpaf;
fy;ntl;Lfs;> klyk; XIV
10. njd;dpe;jpaf;
fy;ntl;Lfs;> klyk; XXI
11.
jp.it.rjhrptg;gz;lhuj;jhu;>
gpw;fhy Nrhou; tuyhW
12. TOPOGRAPHICAL LIST OF INCRIPTIONS FROM MADARAS PRESIDENCY, BY
RANGACHARYA, No: 820 (290 – 1987)
13.
mUz;nkhop Ma;Tj; njhFjp
14.
Mtzk;> ,jo; - 20
15.
Nfhtpe;jrhkp> mNrhfUk;
mtUila fhyKk;.
வெங்கடாம்பேட்டை
– தண்ணீர்பந்தல் தொட்டி
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